Composite topological structures in SO(10)

A bstract We explore a variety of composite topological structures that arise from the spontaneous breaking SO(10) to SU(3) c × U(1) em via one its maximal subgroups SU(5) χ , SU(4) SU(2) L R and X (also known as flipped SU(5)). They include i) network ℤ strings which develop monopoles turn into necklaces with structure 2 strings, ii) dumbbells connecting two different types monopoles, or antimonpoles, iii) starfish-like configurations, iv) polypole v) walls bounded by necklace. display these both before after electroweak breaking. The appearance in early universe their astrophysical implications including gravitational wave emission would depend on symmetry patterns scales, nature associated phase transitions.